Vol. 7, Issue 1, Part B (2025)

Casual footwear, including flip-flops and sandals, is widely favored for its comfort and convenience, yet its effects on balance and postural stability warrant critical examination. This narrative review synthesizes existing literature on how casual footwear influences biomechanical parameters such as postural sway, center of pressure (COP) displacement, ground reaction forces (GRF), and plantar pressure distribution. Evidence indicates that casual footwear’s lack of structural support leads to increased postural sway and instability, especially during prolonged standing and dynamic activities. This instability arises from altered weight distribution, insufficient heel support, and reduced toe grip, which contribute to compensatory neuromuscular adaptations and fatigue. Studies comparing barefoot, casual, and athletic footwear reveal that casual shoes often increase peak plantar pressures and GRFs, particularly under the forefoot and heel, potentially heightening the risk of overuse injuries and compromised joint mechanics. Gender differences have also been observed, with females exhibiting higher vertical GRFs in stiffer-soled flip-flops. These biomechanical changes underscore the need for footwear designs that balance comfort with adequate support to enhance stability and prevent injury. This review highlights the importance of considering casual footwear’s impact on balance in vulnerable populations such as athletes, older adults, and individuals undergoing rehabilitation. Future research should focus on long-term adaptations, gender-specific effects, and developing ergonomic footwear solutions aimed at optimizing balance and reducing fall risk.